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Learn moreArt looting is commonly recognized as a central feature of Nazi expropriation. After the war, the famed Monuments Men (and women) recovered several hundred thousand pieces from the Germans' makeshift repositories. Well publicized restitution cases, such as that of Gustav Klimt's luminous painting featured in the film Woman in Gold, illustrate the legacy of Nazi looting in the art world today. But what happened to looted art that was never returned to its rightful owners?
In France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, postwar governments appropriated the most coveted unclaimed works for display in various public buildings. Following cultural property norms of the time, the governments created custodianships over the unclaimed pieces, without using archives in their possession to carry out thorough provenance (ownership) research. This policy extended the dispossession of Jewish owners wrought by the Nazis and their collaborators well into the twenty-first century. The custodianships included paintings by traditional and modern masters, such as Rembrandt, Cranach, Rubens, Tiepolo, Picasso, and Matisse. This appropriation of plundered assets endured without controversy until the mid-1990s, when activists and journalists began challenging the governments' right to hold these items, ushering in a period of cultural property litigation that endures to this day.
Elizabeth Campbell is professor of history and director of the Center for Art Collection Ethics at the University of Denver. She is the author of Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage under Vichy.
Holly Adams is a classically trained, award-winning actor and narrator who loves every single thing about stories and the beings that inhabit them. With her attention to tone and character integrity, Holly enjoys narrating pretty much anything, and specializes in action-adventure/fantasy, mysteries/thrillers, and the subtle comfort of self-help nonfiction. Holly's first language was Southern, after which her family moved around a lot, finally settling in rural New York. Combined with a love of languages and her professional training, these experiences gave her a range of regional Southern dialects and an excellent capacity for accent and dialect in general. When not behind a mic, Holly continues to perform on stage, in films, and with the circus, especially Red Nose.